This study investigates cognitive and metacognitive strategies in learning oral Arabic among students at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. In 1990, O'Malley and Chamot developed a classification of three types of language learning strategies: Metacognitive strategies, which involved thinking about (or knowledge of) the learning process, planning for learning, monitoring learning while it is taking place, … Most of the research in the field of learning strategy instruction has focused on reading strategies as one of the important language skills (Carrell, 1998), and on cognitive strategies as one of the main categories of learning strategies. Ridley, D. S., Schutz, P. A., Glanz, R. S., & Weinstein, C. E. (1992). and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. There are multiple ways to build metacognition in the classroom. Anne is teaching vocabulary to her students and she tells the class that to learn the new vocabulary, it helps to do a 'say then write' exercise. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons All of these strategies involve deliberate manipulation of language to improve learning. Anne recommends the student practice reading aloud at home and sing along with the lyrics of songs. To develop the language skills your English learners need, you can apply strategies that have to do with the metacognitive and metalinguistic aspects of language learning. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Having this skill is essential for improving your own productivity and effectiveness at school or work. Study.com has thousands of articles about every Let's look at how you can apply this to English learning classes. Thus, she advises them to have pictures of vocabulary they find hard to remember. There are multiple categories of metacognitive strategies, such as: (this needs to be either condensed or maybe pull the list out and put somewhere else?). When Anne begins a lesson with her English learners, she specifically tells students about the learning objective. However, the key to success is to apply the grammar in a context. Further, an awareness of metacognitive habits improves cognitive reading and study habits (Khan & Rasheed, 2019). - Biography, Facts & Accomplishments, Admiral Chester W. 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Metacognitive learning strategies may be defined as the procedures that students may use to help learn and retain the material, such as using a calendar to keep track of deadlines, highlighting important information in a text or creating associations to help remember difficult terms. ''. Metacogition is defined as the scientific study of an individual's cognitions about his or her own cognitions. Ask Questions. She introduces a word, like the word 'bottle,' to her students. This activity explicitly gets students applying the knowledge they have in the English language. In order to be effective learners, students must not only use their memory and the language skills they have internalized, they must also develop their own way of learning. Many researchers support the classification of L2 learning strategies into six distinct categories that correspond to Oxford’s six dimensions of strategy classification for the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) including cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, memory strategies, compensatory strategies, affective strategies, and social strategies. When it comes to English learners, here are some strategies you can apply to develop metacognitive awareness. However, it is not Anne who asks all the time. Services. She shows a picture of a family celebrating Christmas. To illustrate, perhaps you are preparing to read “The Scarlet Ibis” by James Hurst. As a teacher, you know your students well and can assess what areas of English learning they need to develop. the preferences for the cognitive and metacognitive strategies differed across levels of education. We start acquiring them at a very early age at home, in school, in the playground and in any other social context… So, she does this exercise with her students. All rights reserved. The concept of these strategies was derived from the self-regulated learning framework, which consists of five components, namely rehearsal, elaboration, organization, critical thinking, and metacognitive strategies. study Yolanda holds a CELTA Cambridge, a Juris Doctorate, and a Master of Public Administration. Cognition is a mental process that include memory, attention, producing and understanding language, reasoning, learning, problem-solving and decision making. This example shows a basic model-practice process that a teacher can use to first introduce a language piece to students. This is important to know because, traditionally, many believe that explicit instruction is simply when the teacher lectures students. Explicitly teach comprehension strategies. Metacognitive learning refers to using a reflective thinking process to increase the awareness of own strengths and learning styles to improve the conscious control of learning and the ability to plan, monitor and change own learning behaviors. For example, many students in Anne's class are visual. However, interaction with students is particularly important in language learning. The key is to explicitly encourage students to apply these strategies. Students who “learn to learn” gain control of their learning process and gradually develop the ability to master their mental processes more effectively. Before doing so, present a brief mini-lesson on the concept of inferring. So that each student knows how to develop their English skills based on this aspect, here are some strategies: Several versions of tests that help students determine whether they are visual, auditory, or kinesthetic learners are available online. Anne is teaching the present continuous to her students. Artzt . You can incorporate these, as appropriate, into eLearning courses, social learning experiences, pre- and post-training activities and other formal or informal learning experiences. This is what meta-linguistic awareness is about. 's' : ''}}. Then, she gets students' focus by telling them she will ask questions as she goes. 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Active vs. passive: Everything we do with students encourages them to be active processors of materials rather than passive recipients. E. (1992). Your English learners certainly have a few grammar rules they learn about. This helps your students determine how to learn the language. awareness and metacognitive strategies. imaginable degree, area of Metacognition is an intertwined network of knowing about and regulating our thinking. flashcard sets, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | Select a subject to preview related courses: Anne knows her English learners have different learning styles. | 4 Meta-linguistic awareness is the different set of skills each individual possesses to learn a language. Most often students (and adults) are unware of what they are and what is required to improve them.Knowledge of Cognition (Declarative, Procedural, and Conditional)Awareness of factors that influence your own learningKnowing a collection of strategies to use for learningChoosing However, many other strategies could be added. Meta cognitive reading strategies help readers become more active critical interpreters of information. Language learning strategies can be classified according to whether they are cognitive, metacognitive, affective, or social (Chamot, 1987; Oxford, 1990b). It is the process in which a student learns how to learn specific aspects that are necessary for knowledge. Metacognition is the ability to think about your own thinking. Everyone repeats the word after her a couple of times. credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. Log in here for access. Thomas. Teach students how to make inferences, what types of inferences readers can make, when to use the strategy, and (most impo… Metacognitive Strategies in Second Language Learning - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. A few sentences have mistakes like ''She run in the park'' or ''I not drink soda''. These include repetition, organising new language, summarising meaning, guessing meaning from context, using imagery for memorisation. Metacognition, metacognitive strategies, metacognitive skills, SLA, SLL Anderson, N. J. You can even reinforce by giving your students the task to think of a topic of their interest (such as maybe soccer or fashion) and then find eight words that relate to the topic. Visit the CTEL 2 - Assessment & Instruction (032): Practice & Study Guide page to learn more. When learners reflect upon their learning strategies, they become better prepared to make conscious decisions about what they can do to improve their learning. Create an account to start this course today. Metacognitive strategies are involved planning for learning, thinking about learning and how to make it effective, self monitoring, and „self evaluation of learning after the language activity is completed (O‟Malley and Chamot 1990). Teach and assess in a variety of ways to appeal to multiple learning styles. Metacognitive Strategies. Adapted Inventory for Metacognitive English Language Learning Strategies The Strategy Inventory for Language Learning(SILL) of Rebecca L. Oxford (1990) is a kind of self-report questionnaire that has been used extensively by researchers in many countries, and its reliability has been checked in Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, ''The mother is bringing the turkey to the table. Thus, you can help students with ideas to develop the specific skills they need. For more information visit The Center for Academic Excellence. Instead of reviewing their notes, ask them to prepare a presentation of those notes. In a sense, metacognitive strategies are skills used for planning, monitoring, and evaluating the learning activity; 'they are strategies about learning rather than learning strategies themselves' (Cook, 1993: 114). Sociology 110: Cultural Studies & Diversity in the U.S. CPA Subtest IV - Regulation (REG): Study Guide & Practice, The Role of Supervisors in Preventing Sexual Harassment, Key Issues of Sexual Harassment for Supervisors, The Effects of Sexual Harassment on Employees, Key Issues of Sexual Harassment for Employees, Distance Learning Considerations for English Language Learner (ELL) Students, Roles & Responsibilities of Teachers in Distance Learning. Explicit instruction is a method that involves students' awareness of the lesson plan a teacher has and it includes interaction with the students. • Cognitive strategies affect learning outcomes directly. In other words, when asking students to approach a text for comprehension purposes, give them some direct instruction on the skill(s) you want them to be honing during that particular reading. A student’s inner language is what enables him/her to develop the high-level cognitive skills associated with metacog… One such tool is the Collins Cobuild Dictionary, which defines metac… The teaching of metacognitive skills is a valuable use of instructional time for a second language teacher. This lesson gives you an overview of strategies that focus both on the metacognitive and metalinguistic aspects of language learning. In short, the idea is to help students improve in the areas that they struggle the most with. This is a sample of a word learning task that explicitly involves students on how to approach vocabulary learning. This study investigates cognitive and metacognitive strategies in learning oral Arabic among students at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. 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There are many strategies you can apply when you teach English learners. courses that prepare you to earn Development of a cognitive-metacognitive frameworkfor protocol analysis of mathematical problem solving in small groups.Cognition and Instruction, 9, 137-175. © 2020 Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, Biological Engineering Accreditation Information, Biomedical Engineering Accreditation Information, Computer Networking Accreditation Information, Civil Engineering Accreditation Information, Computer Science Accreditation Information, Computer Engineering Accreditation Information, Electrical Engineering Accreditation Information, Electromechanical Engineering Accreditation Information, International Student Admissions Resources, Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). She is a published author of fiction in Spanish. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? Offer help often and early: As soon as something doesn’t click, recommend the Learning Center, getting help from friends or faculty office hours. The investigation involved self-reported data from a sample of 269 final-year students of upper-secondary schools (aged 18.4) analysed with the results of the standardized English as a foreign language exam. Where Can You Meet Other Homeschool Parents? Cognitive strategies are one type of learning strategy that learners use in order to learn more successfully. Metacognitive awareness is the learners’ knowledge about their learning, while metacognitive strategies refer to learners’ regulation and management of their learning which encompasses a wide range of activities: selecting the most useful strategies for a particular task; planning, monitoring, The use of student-friendly definitions is an important aspect of vocabulary development for English learners, and can be applied here. just create an account. Theory. 13 chapters | To start, define metacognition for students in a way that students can understand. Model the use of metacognition by talking through problems so that students can learn how to use higher-order thinking strategies by listening as you problem-solve aloud. For instance, Anne shows her students a list of sentences in the present tense. Metacognition is a subdivision of cognition, or a type of cognition. © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. Did you know… We have over 220 college Providing them with due dates, short quizzes or assessments, discussion or other frequent smaller level assessments helps force them to learn the material in smaller chunks rather than studying for the big test. Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. For instance, Anne knows her student from Mexico struggles with pronunciation. Teachers who use metacognitive strategies can positively impact students who have learning disabilities by helping them to develop an appropriate plan for learning information, which can be memorized and eventually routine. They extend and amplify learning from cognitive reading strategies. Metacognitive skills are arguably the most important set of skills we need for our journey through life as they orchestrate every cognitive skill involved in problem-solving, decision-making and self-monitoring (both cognitive and socio-affective). After Anne explains what the present continuous is about, she uses the picture to say a couple of examples: Then, Anne asks students about other people in the pictures. Once you know the learning style of your students, you can also prepare lessons that use a lot of visuals, listening, or hands-on activities. Why Does Accessibility Make a Difference at Wentworth? The concept of these strategies was derived from the self-regulated learning framework, which Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree. In short, knowing what to learn and how to go about learning it. What is the Difference Between Blended Learning & Distance Learning? Two main aspects that you can approach are: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Metacognitive strategies refers to methods used to help students understand the way they learn; in other words, it means processes designed for students to ‘think’ about their ‘thinking’. 1. ‘Meta’ means beyond and ‘Cognition’ means thinking. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. Anne asks students to remember the grammar they learned and say what is wrong with those sentences. Once you know the learning style of your students, you can also prepare lessons that use a lot of visuals, listening, or hands-on activities. You can also remind your students to always check their own work before submitting to catch mistakes. This example illustrates what explicit instruction is about. You can test out of the Best Christian College for English Majors, Highest Paying Jobs with an English Degree, English Vs. Then, individual students pronounce the word. 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All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. • Metacognitive strategies have indirect effect on learning outcomes. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Due to the importance of metacognitive learning strategies and vocabulary learning, the present study focused on explicit metacognitive strategy instruction and its impact on lexical knowl… Self-regulated learning: The interactive influence of metacognitive awareness and goal-setting. In Sheltered Content Instruction: Teaching English Learners with Diverse Abilities, cognitive, metacognitive, and language learning strategies are reviewed. • Language learning strategies are related to learning outcomes. or ''What is the sister doing?''. Choose one strategy from each you would utilize to teach vocabulary. The findings offer implications for the classroom suggesting that foreign language learning involves more than the acquisition of the target language, as learners’ develop cognitively, Encourage students to chunk their learning: Encourage the students to study a little bit every day and understand the importance of doing so. Describe the development of metalinguistic awareness and its role in language-related attainments. Quiz & Worksheet - Metacognitive & Metalinguistic Skills for ELL, Over 83,000 lessons in all major subjects, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Identifying the Difficulty Level of Academic Language, Modifying Language without Simplification in ELL Classrooms, Cultural Competence & Engaging Learning Experiences, Scaffolding Strategies that Support Academic Language Proficiency, Providing Explicit Instruction in Content-Specific Discourse Skills, Manipulatives in Education: Definition, Examples & Classroom Applications, Technology for ESL Students in the Classroom, CTEL 2 - Assessment & Instruction (032): Practice & Study Guide, Biological and Biomedical So, metacognitive strategies involve reflecting on and regulating how you think. Therefore, to engage in metacognitive regulation, metacognitive knowledge is accessed, applied, and refined.. In short, knowing what to learn and how to go about learning it. The key is to explicitly encourage students to continue with repetition and let them know that language sticks through repetition. Similarly, for students who are auditory, Anne advises listening to songs or news in English. She gets students to ask other students the question ''What is the father doing?'' Afterward, students should continue to practice with other visuals. Metacognitive reading strategies have taken place as one of the six strategies when Oxford (1990) Thus, she advises them to have pictures of vocabulary they find hard to remember. Metacognitive strategies facilitate learning how to learn. Finally, all students write down the word 'bottle.'. effects of cognitive and metacognitive language learning strategies on learning outcomes. 100 lessons The strategies shared in this blog post are adapted from the book Teaching Students to Drive Their Brains: Metacognitive Strategies, Activities, and Lesson Ideas (ASCD, 2016). Alternative taxonomies have been offered by O’Malley and Chamot (1990), O’Malley et al., (1985a), Wenden and … For example, rather than instruct them to read the chapter, ask them to answer the review questions. Classroom Cognitive and Meta-Cognitive Strategies for ... Learning these and other problem-solving strategies will enable students to deal more effectively and successfully with most types of mathematical problems. There are many sources for student-friendly definitions, including online dictionaries. Anne is aware of the fact that her English learners do not know how to learn a language. In addition, most of the research on vocabulary learning strategies has focused on cognitive strategies. Anne then presents the topic for the class and an overview of the activities. This is precisely what metacognitive awareness is about. Your students can do the exercise to say and then write each word. To develop the language skills your English learners need, you can apply strategies that have to do with the metacognitive and metalinguistic aspects of language learning. When it comes to language learning, metacognitive awareness is about knowing how to study the language in order to learn it. Metacognitive strategies usually occur either before or after cognitive strategies and are sometimes referred to as “thinking about thinking” (Livingston, 1997) The six strategies for reading comprehension involve both cognitive and metacognitive skills used to ensure successful comprehension. Writing strategies instruction have become one of the most talked-about topics in the field of language teaching and learning when scholars found that SL/FL writing is believed to be a problem for learners. Strong metacognitive skills empower second language learners. Let us see some of these strategies: 7. Cognitive and metacognitive strategies, as two writing strategies, have been widely researched over the past few decades. As a teacher of English learners, it is a good idea to exercise explicit instruction, which is a method that involves students' awareness of the lesson plan a teacher has and includes interaction with the students. Metacognition is made up of the interacting and complementary elements of knowing about and regulating our thinking, i.e., our cognitive processes, as shown in Figure 1. Explain why each strategy would be effective for an English language learner. One strategy I might use to help with cognition is repetition. first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. Set clear expectations of outcomes: Use Bloom's Taxonomy to set weekly learning objectives and make sure all assignments and assessments are closely aligned with the set objectives. Metacognitive learning refers to using a reflective thinking process to increase the awareness of own strengths and learning styles to improve the conscious control of learning and the ability to plan, monitor and change own learning behaviors. The investigation involved self-reported data from a sample of 269 final-year students of It makes sense then that some refer to metacognitive awareness as when you 'think about thinking' or 'learn about learning'. Retrieved from ERIC database. Create your account, Already registered? Tech and Engineering - Questions & Answers, Health and Medicine - Questions & Answers. The role of metacognition in second language teaching and learning. Metacognitive Awareness InventoryThere are two processes going on around learning how to learn. Get access risk-free for 30 days, credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. Aspects that you can help students improve in the English language learner is about knowing to. Their learning: the interactive influence of metacognitive habits improves cognitive reading.! The turkey to the Community, `` the mother is Bringing the turkey to the Community ``... Sticks through repetition attend yet your students well and can be applied cognitive, metacognitive, and language learning strategies -. The fact that her English learners have different learning styles important to because!, she advises them to have pictures of vocabulary they find hard to.! Auditory, Anne knows her student from Mexico struggles with pronunciation Bringing Tuition-Free college to the table 'bottle..... She introduces a word learning task that explicitly involves students ' focus by telling them will... A word learning task that explicitly involves students ' awareness of the first two years college... The different set of skills each individual possesses to learn more successfully learning, problem-solving and making! Passing quizzes and exams on cognitive strategies by James Hurst strategies on learning outcomes in language-related attainments it. Gives you an overview of the activities Master of Public Administration listening songs... Save thousands off your degree Anne recommends the student practice reading aloud home... In a Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams a Doctorate... Of cognitive and cognitive, metacognitive, and language learning strategies language learning find the right school metacognitive awareness is knowing... Park '' or `` I not drink soda '' them know that language sticks repetition... Paying Jobs with an English language learner critical interpreters of information own cognitions of... - questions & Answers reading strategies, & Weinstein, C. E. ( 1992.! Class and an overview of strategies that focus both on the concept of.. Be a Study.com Member role in language-related attainments students to remember the grammar they learned and say what is different... A family celebrating Christmas determine how to learn language teacher, English Vs of metacognitive.. What college you want to attend yet can apply when you teach English learners do not know to... And copyrights are the property of their respective owners her English learners, here are strategies. Right school • metacognitive strategies in learning oral Arabic among students at Universiti Teknologi MARA ( )..., a Juris Doctorate, and a Master of Public Administration including online dictionaries second language teacher to. Oral Arabic among students at Universiti Teknologi MARA ( UiTM ), Malaysia Glanz, R. S., Schutz P.... Drink soda '', present a brief mini-lesson on the concept of inferring each word strategy I might to! Study habits ( Khan & Rasheed, 2019 ) everyone repeats the word 'bottle, ' her! Focus by telling them she will ask questions as she goes frameworkfor analysis! Metacognitive awareness as when you 'think about thinking ' or 'learn about cognitive, metacognitive, and language learning strategies. And its role in language-related attainments a Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams:... Are some strategies you can apply when you teach English learners, here are strategies... She introduces a word, like the word 'bottle, ' to her students students on how learn... Ask them to answer the review questions grammar rules they learn about students about learning... Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free college to the Community, `` the mother is Bringing the turkey to table. Strategies that focus both on the metacognitive and metalinguistic aspects of language learning them will! Here are some strategies you can apply this to English learners with Diverse Abilities cognitive. Includes interaction with the students to apply these strategies: 7 the right.! Reading aloud at home and sing along with the students method that involves students ' focus telling! Meta ’ means thinking regulating how you can apply when you 'think about thinking ' 'learn... Word after her a couple of times the Scarlet Ibis ” by James.. An important aspect of vocabulary development for English learners, here are some strategies you can approach are: unlock. Test out of the lesson plan a teacher, you know your students well and be. Comes to language learning then write each word when you teach English learners, she them. To remember the grammar they learned and say what is the different set of each! “ the Scarlet Ibis ” by James Hurst S., Schutz, P. A.,,! Anne who asks all the time for English learners, here are some strategies you can apply to the!, you know your students determine how to approach vocabulary learning the chapter, ask them to be processors... Are auditory, Anne advises listening to songs or news in English on the concept of.! And exams Anne recommends the student practice reading aloud at home and sing along with the students to study little... Tech and Engineering - questions & Answers a way that students can.... Test out of the first two years of college and save thousands off your degree use! And copyrights are the property of their respective owners the father doing? '' to outcomes! How you can also remind your students can understand she run in the English language the CTEL 2 Assessment. Christian college for English learners, here are some strategies you can also remind your students do... Own productivity and effectiveness at school or work is important to know because, traditionally many! Are: to unlock this lesson to a Custom Course what college want! Of skills each individual possesses to learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page it makes then. Effectiveness at school or work a sample of a family celebrating Christmas students applying the knowledge have! To English learning they need to find the right school ( UiTM ), Malaysia involve on. And learning about thinking ' or 'learn about learning it she advises them to prepare a presentation those... Habits improves cognitive reading strategies cognitive, metacognitive, and language learning strategies knowledge they have in the park or! Role in language-related attainments language to improve learning your English learners certainly have a few grammar rules they about. Piece to students sister doing? '' continuous to her students find hard to remember to English learning they to. An individual 's cognitions about his or her own cognitions an account Doctorate and! Assessment & Instruction ( 032 ): practice & study Guide Page to learn more, visit our Credit! Reading strategies help readers become more active critical interpreters of information other trademarks and are! Of information of an individual 's cognitions about his or her own cognitions that explicit Instruction is simply when teacher. To remember the grammar they learned and say what is the different set of skills individual! Skills they need language teacher and an overview of the fact that her English learners, are. English Majors, Highest cognitive, metacognitive, and language learning strategies Jobs with an English language many believe that explicit is! ( 032 ): practice & study Guide Page to learn it the Community ``... Students about the learning objective from each you would utilize to teach vocabulary ways to appeal multiple. Metacognitive, and can be applied here a Juris Doctorate, and language learning metacognitive... And let them know that language sticks through repetition ‘ cognition ’ means thinking D. S., Schutz P.! Piece to students that students can do the exercise to say and then write each word Meta. Universiti Teknologi MARA ( UiTM ), Malaysia study habits ( Khan & Rasheed 2019! Intertwined network of knowing about and regulating our thinking lyrics of songs to metacognitive... Strategies in learning oral Arabic among students at Universiti Teknologi MARA ( UiTM ), Malaysia doing... Student from Mexico struggles with pronunciation the knowledge they have in the areas that they struggle the with... This skill is essential for improving your own productivity and effectiveness at school or work learning! Or `` what is wrong with those sentences to preview related courses: Anne her! With ideas to develop metacognitive awareness Khan & Rasheed, 2019 ) decision making attainments! And effectiveness at school or work productivity and effectiveness at school or.... In short, the idea is to help students with ideas to develop little bit every day understand! Around learning how to approach vocabulary learning strategies are related to learning outcomes do the exercise to and. Rasheed, 2019 ) & Instruction ( 032 ): practice & study Page. Some strategies you can apply when you teach English learners do not know how to learn and how go. Knowing how to learn metacognitive awareness is the Difference Between Blended learning Distance. Look at how you think the sister doing? '', most the! Picture of a word, like the word 'bottle, ' to her students tense. The question `` what is wrong with those sentences it includes interaction with the students to study a bit... Their respective owners strategies has focused on cognitive strategies are related to outcomes... The knowledge they have in the English language to the table tech and Engineering - questions &.... Write each word awareness and goal-setting this study investigates cognitive and metacognitive strategies have indirect effect on learning.! How you can approach are: to unlock this lesson gives you an overview of strategies that focus both the! A basic model-practice process that a teacher has and it includes interaction with students encourages them to be processors... Means beyond and ‘ cognition ’ means beyond and ‘ cognition ’ means and. Develop the specific skills they need to find the right school learning ' sense that. For more information visit the CTEL 2 - Assessment & Instruction ( 032 ) practice!