", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. }, Page last modified: The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Encyclopedia.com. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. "White Lotus Rebellion The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. "White Lotus Rebellion It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Inventions This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. XIX Century Civil Wars. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Imperial Mistakes But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica Nothing is known of his end. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. At the . The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). "Tianlijiao ", in. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 - Wikipedia Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. View original page. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. What was the White Lotus rebellion and what did it do to the dynasty window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. . Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty.