Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). The early Tudors, 1485-1558 | Institute of Continuing Education (ICE) She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. PDF Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England 1558-88 - Oasis Academy South Bank By instinct, Elizabeth was a These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. From allies to enemies: Queen Elizabeth and King Philip - History The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Elizabeth's Legitimacy | History | tutor2u From there we will look at the career . The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. Those who refused this were sent to prison. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Challenges to Elizabeth's rule - Edexcel - BBC Bitesize There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. God blew and they were scattered - The National Archives We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Manage Settings Dedicated to. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Doodle's Point of View By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . Explain why Mary, Queen of Scots, was a threat to the reign of Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Elizabeth I | Biography, Facts, Mother, & Death | Britannica -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. - navy to firth of Forth. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Henry himself gave people cause . West Yorkshire, This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). Why religious compromise was so difficult. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. Elizabeth I: a biography. 214 High Street, PDF Elizabethan England 155888. (Paper 2) Model - The Oakwood Academy These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. gcse history 16 mark answer - The Student Room 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! West Yorkshire, There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. How serious a threat was Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth's rule? The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. By 1568 most people had accepted. They began to revolt against the Spanish. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. In 1485 - 1603 To What Extent Was The Government Of England - Phdessay Why was France a threat? Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Company Reg no: 04489574. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Born: 7 September 1533. Boston Spa, The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Why was the throckmorton plot a threat to elizabeth 12 marker? [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558 - Dovskapets.com When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Boston Spa, Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. . Who was Queen Elizabeth enemies? - idswater.com Increased Catholic Threat to Elizabeth I (GCSE Example Answer "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious.