A now-extinct spirit possession cult existed among the, A belief in spirit possession appears among the, The concept of spirit possession exists in the culture of modern, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 21:32. Before A child may be diagnosed with PANDAS when: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), tic disorder, or both suddenly appear following a streptococcal (strep) infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. Even today, many cultures still believe that unusual behaviour that may be symptomatic of mental health problems is caused by spirit possession especially in some less developed areas of the world where such beliefs are still important features of the local culture. It appears especially in adolescent women with psychological conflicts, family dysfunctions, difficulties in interpersonal relationships and with a history of abuse, mistreatment or significant emotional deficiencies. Sapkota RP, Gurung D, Neupane D, Shah SK, Kienzler H, Kirmayer LJ. Careers. When did you or your loved ones first notice your symptoms? The entity becomes a parasite in the mind of the host. For depersonalization-derealization disorder: Dissociative disorders treatment may vary based on the type of disorder you have, but generally include psychotherapy and medication. This memory loss is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. Erroneous religious beliefs about the afterlife can prevent a spirit from moving into the Light because the after death experience does not coincide with false expectations or preconceived notions of the way it is supposed to be. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. EZ@8C=/+)d.=nXG96? , religion or cultural practice). The identifiers such as master and teacher and qualifiers such as for my highest good will be claimed by the entities as personally valid identifications, qualities or attributes. 0ye:$nl'SZxZxJ%hag.nuq$;J*al>-wCiqx1?.m ]Seu#Y1&=u
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H;eB=L-n4hF7A Z4{DO'RdCyi*#o{4uBDR1I=oQE2X @VH(Eo@hm+?a@`@Afy Lewis M, Lewis DO, Yeager CA, Swica Y, Pincus JH. As a first step, your doctor may ask you to come in for a thorough exam to rule out possible physical causes of your symptoms. 4 0 obj A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Your mouth might feel like it's full of cotton, making it difficult to swallow or speak. Accessed Oct. 11, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/dissociative-disorders/what-are-dissociative-disorders, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition. They frequently showed loss of awareness of surroundings, loss of personal identity, inability to distinguish reality from fantasy, change in tone of voice, and loss of perceived sensitivity to pain. Eur J Psychotraumatol. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/overview-of-dissociative-disorders. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal This content does not have an English version. 1994 Jun;18(2):141-62. doi: 10.1007/BF01379447. Trouble falling asleep or sleeping too much. Almost all subjects manifested the two symptoms of loss of control over their actions and acting differently. The major symptoms of hysteria are somnambulism, double personalities, convulsive attacks, contractures, paralyses, anesthesia and hysterical stigmata, as well as disturbances of speech, vision, alimentation and respiration. Read More. She presented to the hospital in the emergency department due to multiple burns inflicted by a spiritual healer. (2012). Now know that they do take flesh and walk among men, to mold a new species. In the remainder some connection can be found, some unfinished business from this or another lifetime. In the DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders), the Trance and Possession Disorder is called "Dissociative Trance Disorder.". We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish, and you will be redirected away from this site. National Alliance on Mental Illness. Yet attached entities always exert some influence ranging from a minor energy drain to a major degree of control or interference. Dinwiddie SH, North CS, Yutzy SH. Preliminary findings indicate that the disorder is a syndrome with distinct clinical characteristics that adheres most closely to the DSM-IV diagnosis of dissociative trance disorder under the category of dissociative disorder not otherwise specified. Major events reported to precede possession included interpersonal conflicts, subjectively meaningful circumstances, illness, and death of an individual or dreaming of a deceased individual. During such a manifestation, the possessed person is not in control of their body, the evil spirit is able to speak through their mouth and attack others. Our site http://saintmichealsmitessatan.com/index.html has many prayers that can bee used and we have multiple languages as well. For diagnosis of dissociative disorders, the DSM-5 lists these criteria. In the process of freeing from the evil power laypeople have a great role to play through accompanying and supporting the freed person, as well as through helping the exorcist priest during his prayers for delivery. Spectra, being the haunting and troubling of certain houses or solitary places. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1993;21(1):69-79. ), while in the state of possession the activities are complex ( for example, the person maintains coherent conversations, manifests characteristic gestures, facial expressions in accordance with the cultural canons of the place, etc.). In Trance Possession Disorder, a number of characteristic symptoms occur. Possessing agents were thought to be spirits of deceased individuals, deities, animals, and devils. an aversion for the sacred (blessed objects, objects related to religious cult, sacral buildings, e.g. On the one hand, there is a temporary loss of sense of identity and full awareness of the environment. The initial experience of possession typically came on acutely and often became a chronic relapsing illness. 4. and transmitted securely. Cortisol is sometimes called the "stress hormone" because it helps your body respond to stress. J`B?#8g!S xe{9J;}x#%2Zzi#z
aUw4Lq'hR=/"MEM(:V(hUMAT`6Qd(RuV&Z:Gi2 p&g:9/\dwyvB]m}#,ap>aXOi5Ac]4m un3!CTJ!nK-Rw]2)O}Mai7a_>q,.TC7/q1ZaY~pq4)pyh/724}93iBX+=\o]fEiuRXB4XHv4;t1onh*9lusvheaNaFVK! COVID Vaccines Consequences On The Soul,, 9 Ways To Heal Your Body, Mind, And Spirit With, Soul Evolution, Universal Laws, and Karma in The Body, The Esoteric Significance of our Moon and the Matrix, The Divine and The Un-divine: The Problem of Evil, Timeline-Reality Split, Frequency Vibration, and the, The A.I. 2. An attached earthbound spirit cannot maintain life in a human body after the original spirit being has separated from the body in the transition of death., From Spirit Releasement Therapy by Dr. William Baldwin, TIMELINE-REALITY SPLIT, FREQUENCY VIBRATION, AND THE HIDDEN FORCES OFLIFE, INDIVIDUALITY, EMBODIMENT, AND THE ANCHORING OF A HIGHERFREQUENCY, HYPER-DIMENSIONAL INTERFERENCE AND THE KEYS TO DISCERNMENT PANELDISCUSSION, SEXUAL VAMPIRISM SEX AND ENTITYATTACHMENTS, Sign up to receive notifications of new content & events. P01-444 CULTURE BOUND SYNDROMES- A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM INDIA M.S. Symptoms of spirit possession versus DSM-IV criteria sets for further study Yet, his Satanic filled heart had no issue murdering his senior citizen dad. Cannot load blog information at this time. This is because the spirits feed like parasites on physical energy. Many of those cases, officials said, have been linked to other potential explanations aside from a foreign campaign: medical illnesses, malfunctioning air conditioning and ventilation systems, or. 542-544] (ISSN 2320-5407). An attached spirit may be present without producing any noticeable symptoms. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. This condition has been called the possession state, possession disorder, spirit possession, or spirit attachment. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. The earthbound spirit does not replace the rightful spirit in the body in such a case, it just usurps control. Make a donation. Trapped Between Theological and Medical Notions of Possession: A Case of Possession Trance Disorder With a 3-Year Follow-Up. In Western societies demonology survived as an explanation of mental health problems right up until the eighteenth century, when witchcraft and demonic possession were common explanations for psychopathology. Careers. How often do you feel anxious or depressed? Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Time Of Transition: Embodied Soul Awakening, Occult Forces of Hyper-Dimensions: Entity Attachments and Interferences, The Heros Journey & The Process of Embodiment, Webinar: Occult Forces of Hyperdimensions , TIMELINE-REALITY SPLIT, FREQUENCY VIBRATION, AND THE HIDDEN FORCES OFLIFE, INDIVIDUALITY, EMBODIMENT, AND THE ANCHORING OF A HIGHERFREQUENCY, HYPER-DIMENSIONAL INTERFERENCE AND THE KEYS TO DISCERNMENT PANELDISCUSSION, SEXUAL VAMPIRISM SEX AND ENTITYATTACHMENTS. Neuner et al. Recognizing a possession is based on diagnosing the possible causes and symptoms of the evil spirits work. Faerie, being the influence those who voluntarily submit to consort, prophesy, or servitude. In Father Amorths book stories of an exorcist and the second book more stories, It details infestations and the other levels of demonic activity. He also reported that he felt more energized and alive than he had in years. Music and personality: what connection do they have? 5. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. They can attach to the aura or float within the aura outside the body. * The dog seems to abandon the behavior as suddenly as it came on. Have you ever been touched against your will? True reports about Old Hag Syndrome, ghosts, ghouls, and spirits are a recurring theme in day-to-day correspondence generated by my media exposure.From the incoming mail, it is clear that a surprising number of people claim to have had paranormal experiences, and many ask for help in dealing with malevolent . In the list of couses various chronic physical disease and guilty consiuse, lack of exposure of views, over controlled life are involved. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Dry mouth. The .gov means its official. A mixed-method explorative study in Uganda. Background In Oman, anecdotal and impressionistic observation have helped parse and categorize various manifestations of spirit possession into two broad and distinct categories: intermittent dissociative phenomenon and transitory dissociative phenomenon. An official website of the United States government. Prevalence of possession trance in India has been estimated to range from 1 to 4 percent of the general population (Sadock & Sadock, 2005). "possession syndrome" and "hysterical possession." They also, in varying degrees, offer motivational explanations of the condition that depict it as beneficial to the affected person in improving his status and perhaps resolv- ing internal and external conflicts. "g_u;\M }ghIdu/f##z; v&.zvixD9w_Ai eDG$@0*\B5:&*\ At fifteen, The Neurocritic's psychiatrist encouraged him to start writing as a form of therapy. Presentation Survey Quiz Lead-form E-Book. Thus, there is a wide variety of possible symptoms of demon possession, such as a physical impairment that cannot be attributed to an actual physiological problem, a personality change such as depression or aggression, supernatural strength, immodesty, antisocial behavior, and perhaps the ability to share information that one has no natural way Vermetten E, Schmahl C, Lindner S, Loewenstein RJ, Bremner JD. An attached entity can be associated with any emotional track of a living person such as anger, fear, sadness, or guilt. | The mental, emotional and physical influence of an attached entity can alter the original path of karmic options and opportunities of the host. In other words, the same disorder can vary not only from one person to another, but also from one culture to another, especially in relation to how its symptoms manifest; this occurs even though the symptoms are the "same" (as a series of diagnostic criteria must be met in order to diagnose a Trance and Possession Disorder). Res. I have these other health conditions. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Your symptoms are also not explained by the direct effects of alcohol or other drugs, or a medical condition, such as temporal lobe epilepsy. This is a major factor in the widespread denial of the concept and lack of acceptance of the phenomena of discarnate interference and spirit attachment, obsession or possession. !4S!O}sC}q~NMgR|/=#c?c*O>G# All rights reserved. King James attested that the symptoms derived from demonic possession could be discernible from natural diseases. Are there periods of time in your life that you don't remember? An official website of the United States government. The belief in possession by Zar spirits is one of the most common possession phenomena in Africa and in other continents. Deconstructing the most sensationalistic recent findings in Human Brain Imaging, Cognitive Neuroscience, and Psychopharmacology, posted by The Neurocritic @ 12:44 AM Each identity has its own pattern of perceiving, relating to and thinking about yourself and the world. Cult Med Psychiatry. Have you ever thought about harming yourself or others? Obsession, which includes sudden attacks of irrationally. Ghosts can cause a variety of symptoms in people affected or possessed by them. An episodic disruption of behaviour during which Person's personality being replaced by a human or animal spirit or by God / deity/devil or spirit of inanimate object. It is important to keep in mind (and as we have already mentioned), that trance and possession disorder it is not produced voluntarily nor is it framed in the cultural and religious context of the person. It may also occur due to another . A review of concepts, classification and diagnostic instruments]. Majority of them are being treated by traditional bealers like priests, faith- healers, mantravadis, fakirs. [The past and future of the hysteria concept]. Discontinuation symptoms may occur in either case, especially if a drug is stopped abruptly. In addition, we will explain which cases are excluded to diagnose a disorder like this. They may have sudden thoughts, impulses, and emotions that do not seem to belong to them and that may manifest as multiple confusing thought streams or as voices. Front Psychiatry. A victim of this condition can be totally amnesic about episodes of complete takeover. `EDo,8:iV:Yh}:limQ*JSQ[p33Mp+Pl}@_ E1B5N@&y- [{Q[k)cQVb>f
)>s~)KP+ysE_y8NqF8ofCP[2p riOc.>A- tN2VC*!QEb^+/|L>/uEG~(@}E^5V*Hp:\YL D5%Z,`%/5\uwXYr.IAM^k8V;5+c^gyHoUpytZcpCcpm(cxfnZJq:0i. Within them we find trance and possession disorder, caused by a shocking experience that has generated a lot of suffering in the person. Your episodes of memory loss don't occur only during the course of another mental health disorder, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. Symptoms of Reptilian Attempts at Possession . Tajima-Pozo, Zambrano-Enriquez, de Anta, Moron et al., 2011). "LA G Symptoms of Possession The symptoms of possession in persons, animals, trees or places are many and easily recognizable. Do you now or have you ever served in the military? Transhumanism Occult Trap And The Way Out, Debunking Popular Myths About THE MATRIX | TCM, Subscribe to Piercing the Veil of Reality, Receive notifications of new content & events. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal : In an initial recognition, every Christian can investigate the persons life, their attitude towards God, faith, sacraments and blessed items. Practitioners see psychotic patients all the time who claim to see or hear demons; histrionic or highly suggestible individuals, such as those suffering from dissociative identity syndromes; and . Ranking characteristic symptoms of PTD such as stereotyped uncontrolled movements as 'non-epileptic seizures or other sensory-motor (functional neurological) symptoms' in DSM-5 also heavily imposes a medical descriptive framework and disregards emic attributions. In short, spirit attachment can interfere with any aspect of the life of the unsuspecting host. Psychiatric exam. Interestingly, beliefs about spirit possession are not simply used to try and explain the effects of psychopathology-related experiences, but are also regularly used to control and coerce individuals. Front Psychiatry. This fact may cause controversy both in psychiatric practice and in religious communities. Be ready to answer them to reserve time to go over any points you want to focus on. Did You Know Anxiety Can Enhance Our Relationships? Recognizing a possession is based on diagnosing the possible causes and symptoms of the evil spirit's work. A structured interview focused on clinical characteristics associated with possession phenomena was developed and administered to 20 patients at eight hospitals in the province. of Views: 301. The Catholic Church, Islam and religion in general, plus some aspects of science has a lot of blood on their hands from how they've handled people with disabilities. behavioral symptoms (like shaking and heart palpitations). J. of Adv. Psychiatric consultation made the diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Physical intrusions such as surgery or blood transfusion can lead to an entity attachment. Reviewed by Lybi Ma. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Fighting with Spirits: Migration Trauma, Acculturative Stress, and New Sibling Transition-A Clinical Case Study of an 8-Year-Old Girl with Absence Epilepsy. injury. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Cutting or hurting themselves and then having no recollection of doing it. stLight.options({publisher: "479cf10d-3052-41f9-a6a6-21a935dff410", doNotHash: false, doNotCopy: false, hashAddressBar: false}); International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR), A Peer Reviewed, Open Access, CrossRef Indexed Journal, No. during an exorcism). Are symptoms of spirit possessed patients covered by the DSM-IV or DSM-5 criteria for possession trance disorder? Many drug users are controlled by the attached spirit of a deceased drug addict. The possession syndrome is defined as a dissociative disorder in which patients unconsciously believe they are possessed by evil spirits who act out their forbidden wishes. After the initial alcohol withdrawal symptoms have subsided, some people may experience prolonged side effects. The belief in possession by Zar spirits is one of the most common possession phenomena in Africa and in. Your symptoms are not due to alcohol or other drugs, or a medical condition. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Accessibility MeSH Anger and rage, fear and terror, sadness and grief, guilt, remorse or feelings of the need for punishment can invite entities with similar feelings. Am J Psychiatry. The disembodied consciousness seems to attach itself and merge fully or partially with the subconscious mind of a living person, exerting some degree of influence on thought processes, emotions, behavior and the physical body. * A marked change in the dogs eyes, snarling and growling, lunging. Unexplained blackouts. Symptoms of the disease often begin as flu-like, including fever and fatigue, and quickly progress to a psychotic stage, which begins with feelings of disorientation and confusion. This form of therapy, also known as talk therapy, counseling or psychosocial therapy, involves talking about your disorder and related issues with a mental health professional. They also found that reports of spirit possession were related to trauma exposure (such as sexual assault and being forced to kill), to psychological distress, and to higher rates of suicide and post-traumatic stress disorder. The symptoms of spirit attachment can be very subtle. Methods: Believing they are hearing and seeing God and Angels directly. Noticingfear sensation and scariness at night or feeling of being watched. The symptoms of spirit attachment can be very subtle. This category [DDNOS] is included for disorders in which. Please start with an in depth physical exam from a medical professional. Neuner, Pfeiffer, Schauer-Kaiser, Odenwald et al. However, Claus ( 1979) cautioned against National Library of Medicine Engaging in exorcism is only to exacerbate mental illness. This case describes a twenty-eight-year-old female presented with the history of aggressive behavior, cursing, speaking foreign languages and display of extraordinary strength. Keep the faith! They may think that their body feels different (eg, like that of a small child or someone of the opposite sex) and does not belong to them. An entity of the opposite gender can influence the sexual preference and gender orientation. That is to say, If there is any of these psychopathological conditions, it will not be possible to diagnose a trance and possession disorder. In order to diagnose Trance and Possession Disorder, it is important to rule out other possible non-psychiatric causes, such as neurological disorders (brain tumors, epilepsy, ) and the consumption of psychoactive substances. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Dissociative disorders in DSM-5. Graham C. L. Davey, Ph.D., is an expert in anxiety and a professor of psychology at the University of Sussex. Hippocampal and Amygdalar Volumes in Dissociative Identity Disorder. Look for a therapist with advanced training or experience in working with people who have experienced trauma. An interesting study by Neuner, Pfeiffer, Schauer-Kaiser, Odenwald et al. One could argue whether the possession symptoms are pathological (signs of the disturbing agents) or helpful, induced by the healing ritual, with the healer inviting the possessing spirit of the patient to communicate and process the underlying problems [6, 27, 32, 33]. Recent Presentations Content Topics Updated Contents Featured Contents. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 1 Peter 5:8 - "Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour.". J Pers Assess. A spirit can be bound to the earth by the emotions and feelings connected with a sudden traumatic death. !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. The final recognition is up to him and he is also the only person that can undertake an exorcism. PMC 2022 May 1;23(3):95-103. doi: 10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2022.21556. Objective Documentation of Child Abuse and Dissociation in 12 Murderers With Dissociative Identity Disorder. In . Disclaimer. Your eyes might burn, itch or feel gritty as if there's sand in them. We would like to evangelise other countries in the field of spiritual threats, as well. Culture bound syndromes exhibit significant psychiatric co morbidity, this study calls for careful evaluation of these patients psychologically to detect and treat the associated psychiatric co morbidity appropriately. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Over the course of history we've been subjected to experiments, violence and murder. Was anyone in your family abused during your childhood? 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Cult Med Psychiatry. But our Foundation has no funds for further work. It is fashionable today among many new Age enthusiasts to attempt to channel some higher power, a spirit teacher or master who will use the voice mechanism of any willing person to speak words of wisdom. Demon Possession Psychological or Spiritual/Supernatural? The apparent conflict here stems from the definitions of permission and free will choice. The site is secure. (2012), Hanwella, de Silva, Yoosuf, Karunaratne & de Silva, 2012, Tajima-Pozo, Zambrano-Enriquez, de Anta, Moron et al., 2011, Why Fights With Your Spouse Are Making Your Teenager Anxious, Social Media, Loneliness, and Anxiety in Young People, 7 Ticking Time Bombs That Destroy Loving Relationships, An Addiction Myth That Needs to Be Revisited, 5 Spiritual Practices That Increase Well-Being. Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can have? Trance and possession disorder can present a lot of variability in different cultures, especially as regards the nature of the behavior expressed during the trance state, the presence (or absence) of dissociative sensory disturbances (for example, deafness or blindness), the identity assumed during the state, and the presence or absence (or the degree) of amnesia following the episode. k\ZJ$Tr%&^Khd!827X,O#Lmb&5J69\x*T'OUvic+JT |D8[X_"3?.]0af7*_r h5qtD-[Q~T! Communication theory suggests that the possession phenomenon serves as a way for the oppressed and the marginalized to express their inner difficulties and problems when the political or cultural. Just a message for the stoke: SaintVeil. (2012) investigated the prevalence of cen, a local variant of spirit possession, in youths aged between 12 and 25 years in war-affected regions of Northern Uganda. C}qg>sIXCNsL!141Xqx5&@c_dg government site. Almost all subjects manifested the two symptoms of loss of control over their actions and acting differently. Dissociative disorders. These demons are not physical entities but psychic entities or projections of the mind. If any part of the body of the host has a physical weakness the earthbound can attach to that area because of a corresponding weakness or injury to the physical body of the spirit prior to death. Answer (1 of 4): Very much so. You display, or others observe, two or more distinct identities or personalities, which may be described in some cultures as possession that is unwanted and involuntary. conclude that in many of the areas of the world where beliefs about spirit possession are widely held, such beliefs are a standard consequence of psychological trauma and may be a. In most cases, a person can only experience and acknowledge the reality of the condition after an attached entity has been released. churches). She abandoned him when they reached San Francisco and The Neurocritic descended into a spiral of drug abuse and prostitution. While you're experiencing an episode of depersonalization or derealization, you're aware the experience is not reality. Laughing and crying during sleep. Want to Be Happier and Avoid Auto Accidents? Possession by Zar is expressed by a wide range of behaviours, such as involuntary movements (often resembling epileptiform convulsions), mutism andincomprehensible language. aggression towards the clergy and praying people. Their illusions are many, which overtake the sleepwalking masses. Loss of concentration and memory. Many of those cases, officials said, have been linked to other potential explanations aside from a foreign campaign: medical illnesses, malfunctioning air conditioning and ventilation systems, or. The symptoms of spirit possession, MPD, and DD strongly resemble each other and have much in common in their presentation with other psychic phenomenon. PMC Bhatia, A. Jhanjee, P. Kumar University . This article describes a cultural pattern related to altered states of consciousness, observed amongst new immigrants from Ethiopia in Israel. Slideshow 9414767 by dickman.