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Chrome-plated broiler rack adjusts easily to desired height. 33 Suction Fan In the spring of 1954, the latter was elevated to honorary chairman of the board and succeeded as board chairman by H. Earl Hoover. On the other hand, Ford doubled workers' pay to five dollars a day and standardized the workday to eight hoursa reduction from the norm of the time. Takes me a lot less time to vacuum than it used to. 25 Handle Bracket, left hand Has deluxe four speed changer that plays all size records. Instant beater ejection. Safer, more uniform cold in huge freezer chest. Low-End Priced A low-end upright model will have a suction hose with a crevice tool, stair brush, and extended wand piece. The vacuum cleaner quickly became a popular household appliance, and it is still in use today. 42 Brush Supports Oven heat indicator. It was made by General Motors not General Electric. It is set in a neighborhood of trees, shrubs, old homes and well-groomed lawns. . View complete answer on countryliving.com How much did a loaf of bread cost in 1921? True to Dickson's original design, it was sold in sheets, requiring each strip to be cut by a consumer. The current inflation rate (2019-2020) is currently 2.49% 1. In 1916, the first unit of the modern Hoover plant was started. Vacuum cleaners powered by an electric motor began to come in by the turn of the century. Every morning of the year will be brighter with eye-opening juices prepared by this new juicer. How much money did the first vacuum cleaner cost? Descriptive literature was printed, order blanks prepared. We apologize for the interruption. The whole Electrolux Upright slides dow to a skinny 6-3/8 inches from the floor. You really get the advantages of both an upright and a canister. Cooktop covers with baking charts inside. The public was becoming more and more conscious of their value in cleaning the home. High closest model. and a call from New York to Los Angeles, California would cost a lot more - $15.65 for the first three minutes and $5.20 for each additional minute. Comes with white glass bowl, two juice reamers and juice guide. From the Hoovers experience in the saddlery business, it seemed best to approach the public through the medium of local merchants. Vacuums are now used extensively in a variety of applications and vary in size, shape, and power. Perfect toast every time, whether you make just one slice or two. Illustrated booklet shows how to iron press steam. 2. The Constellation boasted Hoovers patented position control, which kept the powerhead in constant contact with the rug even when it was moved back and forth. The company won the Army-Navy E Award five times. So, in October 1908, the first traveling salesman was employed to go on the road to line up more dealers. Something always gets stuck inside my upright and then Im stuck! They looked around for other possible enterprises. You'll zip through a big family ironing in record time with the new Kenmore Automatic Ironer. Gleaming plastic cabinet in modern design. All-Channel TV chassis tunes any of the twelve VHF and seventy UHF stations in your area. This process was followed by laying the carpet flat and covering it with a white cloth soaked in hot water and soapwhich was worked in with a mop or brushand finally allowing the carpet to dry. Capable of producing only 100 watts of heat, the first hand-held hair dryer was not able to dry hair very quickly. The vacuum became an essential household appliance, and the industry continued to grow throughout the decade. For carpets made of wool, a carpet sweeper was often used to uproot and collect dust, dirt, and debris. i am reading about High wood & Flers, so presume a mk1 possibly a mk2, i was not aware that we salvaged them after the war or for re-use during the war! How much does an upright vacuum cleaner cost? More advanced models that featured additional features and capabilities tended to cost more, with some coming in around $130. The design weighed just 17.5 kg (39 lb) and could be operated by . Thurman's machine was patented on October 3, 1899 (patent #634,042). It makes electric motors, electric irons, washers, floor polishers and castings in addition to its famous cleaners. How much was a washing machine in the 1920s? Adjusted for inflation to today's dollar, the . No flue pipe needed except the EZ vent. No ticking it's silent. In 1920, the price of a vacuum was $25. The nickname of Boss Hoover was a term of affection, for he was known as the boss who never bossed anyone.. Deep-voiced sound. The first electric household refrigerator to survive its beginnings was the Domelre, brought out in 1914, which could be placed inside any icebox. After this, a solution made of one part vinegar and three parts water was applied with a sponge to remove stains and dirt, before finishing with a dabbing of turpentine on tough spots. Washer has exclusive roto-swirl agitator, nine pound wash capacity, visi-dial washing control, push-button water temperature control, push-button water level selector, suds-saver, sun-fresh germicidal lamp, rustproof porcelain enamel top, tub interior light, automatic self-leveling legs, convenient top loading and easy installation. Sweep up all litter that clings. Even so, many people purchased vacuums because they were a new invention and were seen as a necessity for keeping homes clean. Magnificent "Photo-Tune" pictures in a twenty-inch rectangular black tube! The years 1909 and 1910, were periods of development and expansion in the industry as a whole. For example, a new Ford Model T cost about $850 in 1920, which is the equivalent of about $11,000 today. Capacity to wash ten pounds of clothing at once. Iron core coils minimize warm-up drift. They have won numerous awards for their performance and have been featured in leading publications. 2. East Maple street was not paved then, and there was dust on the road that made real demonstrating material. With inflation, that's about $1,054-which doesn't seem too far off by today's standards. The introduction of fractional horsepower motors gave impetus to other manufacturers as well as to Hoover. Crinoline is a stiff fabric or coarse cotton material for . 13 Jun 2013. Material on this site is provided for education, criticism, commentary, cultural reporting, entertainment, historical reference, and news reporting/analysis. No more struggling and cranking just place the can in position, depress the control handle. The vacuum is a machine that uses suction to remove dirt and debris from surfaces. I included this Frigidaire Electric as the final Electric Item from the Twenties as it was significant in many ways 1. Aluminized screen with tinted safety glass provides a bright picture. White baked-on enamel finish. You can adjust the actual cost of gasoline to inflation and get an idea of what gas in the 20s cost in terms of today's dollars. 3 Three Inch Nozzle (Rubber) He was succeeded as president by his younger brother. Thumb-control speed dial gives handy, one-hand speed change. Most women do. We had to go to his mothers home just beside the office. he said. With inflation, that's about $1,054-which doesn't seem too far off by today's standards. It started with a working force of six persons in the corner of the Hoover leather goods and harness factory in 1908. In the Roaring '20s, milk was 35 or so per gallon. Appliances and electrical goods pictures, prices and descriptions from the 50's. If you have a question relating to the museum's collections, please first check our Collections FAQ. By the 1950s, the vacuum industry had grown significantly, with many brands now featuring their own vacuum models. The best Silvertone twenty-one inch S.R.O. His machine used a hand-powered impeller to draw dust into a canvas bag. 1920s Cost of Living. The Band-Aid was invented by Earle Dickson. Another popular vacuum style in the 1950s was the upright vacuum cleaner, with Hoover company offering their Constellation and Decade models. If you need to request an image for publication or other use, please visit Rights and Reproductions. 4. Is it better to conceive everyday or every other day. Early vacuum cleaners were primitive, but they paved the way for the suction-based vacuums of modern times. Between 12th and 14th Streets 47 Outer Bag, Three women in the Christmas thoughts of a man: Mother, wife, daughter. With a recession in the mid-1970s (due in part to rising grain and oil prices), inflation surged, and many foods became more expensive. The 1920s was a time of great innovation in the vacuum industry. A brand new Kenmore development with unexcelled toasting performance. Unlike modern hair dryers, the first hand-held hair dryer was big, bulky and frequently overheated. 12 Felt Brush for No. An average worker made about $2 per hour in 1920, which is the equivalent of about $25 per hour today. You can roast a turkey and all the trimmings, broil other meats and vegetables, fry apple rings on the griddle--all this at the same time! Brings all the magic of no glare television into your living room. Has an eight-position automatic wringer stop with no lever to release. The first electric vacuum cleaner was invented in 1908, and vacuum cleaners became increasingly popular in the 1920s as more and more households were electrified. Ultimately, regular vacuuming, dusting, and occasional brushing were employed to keep carpets clean and free of dirt and damage. If you require a personal response, please use ourContact page. Mr. Schiltz later said that what sold him on the job was the demonstration H.W. Also connections for use with external tape recorder. Television superiority. Two utility drawers. 24 Tilting Fulcrum Over time, the price of vacuums dropped as production increased and more people began to use them. So easy to use so safe that even a child can operate it. Constitution Avenue, NW Completely new and fully automatic. Color-tone interior beauty gleaming white porcelain enamel with colorful harmonizing trim. I still see the classic in every design line. The Hoover selling organization, under the leadership of H. W. Hoover, was taking shape. How much was a washer in 1920? 2 Taper Nozzle (Rubber) At that time there were a number of vacuum cleaners on the market. Now you can have a Hoover Cleaner in the type you want for your particular cleaning needs. A good many excellent dealers were lined up in this manner. The history of Q-Tips - and their original name (which would never ever work today), About Tiddlywinks: The history of the old-fashioned game people keep rediscovering, Meet Josephine Garis Cochrane, inventor of the dishwasher (1892), The history of the telephone, with 50 examples of old phones, including early rotary-dial models, Thomas Edison says electricity will cure everything (1914), Vintage Singer sewing machines from the '50s: They're sew classic, The unlikely history of Levi's jeans - or, how clothing styles from 150 years ago are somehow still fashionable today. Honey, when youve got a wife whos 52, she needs a powerhouse of a vacuum cleaner.. Earle Dickson's wife Josephine, always got cuts and burns from making dinner. High definition picture. In December 1948. If you dreamed of making the white picket fence a reality, a new house would've cost approximately $6,296-about $77,339 today. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'remodelormove_com-leader-3','ezslot_19',167,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-leader-3-0');Additionally, people would sprinkle the carpets with a fine powder such as fullers earth or bicarbonate of soda, leave it to sit for several hours and then use a vacuum cleaner or brush to remove the powder. The first hand-held hair dryer was put on the market in 1920. Many Americans went into debt during the 1920s as most of . Although Hoover created new vacuum cleaners. Door-to-door sales of vacuum cleaners were an extremely popular form of selling that took off in the early twentieth century. This led to a boom in the vacuum industry, and many new companies were founded. 46 Inner Bag New employees were added, some of whom are today the companys top executives. This slogan, still used, has been very effective in stimulating Hoover sales. However, it was not until the early 20th century that the first electric vacuum cleaners were invented. Marvel at the easy two-knob tuning. The first of the Hoover International Sales Conventions was held in 1921. 1922 saw the end of the name The Hoover Suction Sweeper Company, which had followed the original, Electric Suction Sweeper Company, and the birth of its successor, The Hoover Company, under whose articles of incorporation the company operates today. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'remodelormove_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_7',155,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-medrectangle-3-0');In the 1950s, Hoover was the most popular brand of vacuum cleaner in the United States. 1920: 15 . *When the hairdryer's 1 st came out they were so heavy nobody and I mean nobody could hold them. Easier to keep sparkling clean, adjustable, too. Schiltz, a civil engineer for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, was persuaded to join the company, specifically to help answer the inquiries. Robotic vacuum cleaners Brown plastic handles. 41 Brush Bearings The largest Coldspot freezer, twenty cubic feet with a seven-hundred pound food capacity. With a century of experience under their belt, Eureka is truly the oldest and most respected vacuum company in the industry. Hoover convertible cleaner, model U4001 what year was it sold, Your email address will not be published. Three speakers--one fifteen inch woofer and two special five inch tweeters. It is a very popular appliance in many households. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Your email address will not be published. Our collection database is a work in progress. Within the first year, it was not a hitonly $3,000 worth were sold (about $40,000 today). The death of W. H. Hoover in 1932 at the age of 82 was mourned by thousands of friends. Just select your channel, get your picture, and sit back to enjoy the finest programs on television. No heavy lifting. Built-in antennas for AM and FM. How did the 1920s vacuum cleaner work? Hoover. A search of archive.org currently (April 2019) returns 90 telephone directories with dates between 1920 and 1930, inclusive. Opens round or oval-shaped cans in a wink! We may update this record based on further research and review. The average cost of a fridge in 2020 is $1,000. I waste a lot of time and energy cleaning when my upright isnt because the bag is full. 39 Brush However, early versions used the motor and fan combination to push air, rather than sucking it in. With the revolving Beater-Bar Brush, dirt practically leaps out of that shag. Faster, better, easier, safer never leaves dangerous ragged edge. In Canada and Scandinavia, most new houses are plumbed for central vacuums, yet in this country they remain something of a novelty, in part because of the steep initial cost. His development work on this principle gave Hoover cleaners an exclusive feature they still have the gentle, beating or tapping of the carpet to loosen deeply embedded dirt and grit, by a patented agitator bar. >Price tag: $3,499. By 1929, it was 10 million. Automatic timer shuts off washer and rings a reminder bell. Chatsworth did not start employing housemaids in the eighteenth century until 1737. . Seven powerful tubes plus rectifier. The total production of American industry increased by around 50%. To continue toasting, push lever down. Beat out embedded dirt and germs. Now that you know, have fun looking around! Early Spring Flowers Will Combat the Winter Blues. You would think that the drastic reduction in material made clothing more affordable - and they did, except for one thing. But, Hoover is still a legend. Changer shuts itself off after last record plays. Audio electronics were fairly expensive during this era. Employee activities were encouraged, including baseball and other sports. Early in 1948, it began to make electric irons at a new plant in Cambridge, Ohio. Now vacuumings easier faster, too, with General Electrics Lowboy Cleaner. He picked up a handful of dust, and as we went up the walk to his house, he nicked up a handful of dried grass. Scarcely 2-1/2 months later December 3, 1954 his brother, Frank G. Hoover, also passed away. Choose from mahogany, blonde or limed oak veneer. 8 Rubber Hose (10 feet x iX inches) Hoover (vacuum cleaners) became a household name. The price dropped from 35 per gallon to 26 per gallon. All the parts that break all the time arent covered by my warranty. 4 Four Inch Brush Nozzle (with rubber apron) 14 Home cooks of the '70s were enamored of cheese logs, carrot cake and meat loaf. Since then many millions have been spent in engineering and research. Exclusive adjustable light for best work area illumination. In Continental Europe, the Fisker and Nielsen company in Denmark was the first to sell vacuum cleaners in 1910. You'll enjoy FM radio for it rejects static and provides the proper contrast between loud and soft musical passages. From the Instructions for care and use of the Hoover suction sweeper (1910), 1 Suction Pan (Aluminum) In addition to these basic cleaning tools, wet cloths, mops, and hairbrushes could also be used to sweep or wipe away dirt or dust. Unless you have a new deep-cleaning Electrolux Upright, you probably have these problems. 43 Thread Guards Chrome-plated broiler rack adjusts easily to desired height. The transformation timeline of the vacuum cleaner as a household appliance spans over 150 years. Besides beating, The Hoover swiftly sweeps up all stubborn litter, rights crushed nap, renews colorings and suction cleans. Other companies such as Hoover, Bissell, Kirby, and Rainbow followed Electroluxs lead, marketing their own products door-to-door as well. See table 164 for average annual wage by region. How much was a . Collectors may be attracted to the unique shapes and designs of these older models, as well as their rarity and historical significance. Suction away all loose grime. The first vacuum cleaners were large and cumbersome, and they required a lot of effort to use. ClickAmericana.com is made with and by Synchronista LLC 2011-2022. The oldest vacuum company is the Eureka Company, founded in 1909 by Fred Wardell in Detroit, Michigan. Shows wage data by manufacturing categories for 1914, 1919, 1921, and 1923. Thanks for visiting and for supporting a small business! Comes in mahogany, limed oak or maple veneer. Find out more here. What we now think of as a vacuum consisted of the same basic components, namely a motor, fan, and vacuum bag. H.W. November 3, 2022 . How much did a washing machine cost in 1920? Here's What Things Cost 100 Years Ago - Prices in 1920. 40 Brush Shaft Now that you know, have fun looking around! On other machines, the brushes can jam which could mean a broken belt. Sensitive AM radio pulls in distant stations. The vacuum cleaner is a machine that uses suction to remove dirt and dust from surfaces. In 1953, the special products division was, greatly expanded. Total cost about $120.00 in 1926 In todays money that is about $1,500 to own a Radio Your Radio Itself Price: From $75,00 Radios were priced about $60.00 upwards depending on the number of valves etc. What appliances became popular in the 1920s? At that time there were no demonstrating materials stocked, so as we were going to his home H. W. gathered his material on the way. They have paper or cloth filters and may come bagged or bagless. Its new combination 2-in-1 nozzle lets you clean both rugs and floors without changing tools. Leo Rosenberg, radio's first announcer, relayed the news to about 1,000 listeners that Warren Harding had beaten James Cox in the race for the White House. He crafted a cleaner that used a petrol-powered engine to create a suction, which was then directed through a hose and into a bag to collect the dirt. Frank G. Hoover, who had been active with the company since it was in the saddlery business, and who had been vice president for many years. Dark energy, together with dark matter, make 95% of the universe - yet we have little idea of what it is. As soon as an Electrolux bag is full,a light pops on and the machine shuts off. A product almost unknown four decades ago has become a household word. She shared a patient's recollection that a vial of insulin cost $1.49 in 1972, which would be $8.86 now when adjusted for inflation. Mirror-finish chrome-plated. The vacuum cleaner was first invented in the 1860s, but it was not until the 1920s that the vacuum cleaner became a common household appliance. These conventions became an annual event, with sales delegates from foreign countries attending. In recent years, Electrolux has introduced popular vacuum models such as their Ultra Silencer and their Ergospace series. Other types of vacuum cleaners were marketed. You can show that devotion by giving each of them the same gift a Hoover Cleaner. It contained an attachment which allowed homeowners to clean upholstery and drapes, as well as reach corners, crevices and other hard-to-reach places. Our vacuum is so sturdy our vital parts are made of the same material as professional football helmets! 11 45 Degree Elbow if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'remodelormove_com-leader-2','ezslot_18',166,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-leader-2-0');For example, people would sweep large debris up into a pile with a broom and then use a dustpan to scoop it up and dispose of it. In the mid-1920s, citizens debated Charles Darwin's controversial evolution theory, as did most people . Smooth-running rollers carry the cleaner from room to room even across door sills. They are designed to be quiet and efficient, helping you to get your home vacuumed quickly and quietly. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Yes, some people do collect old vacuum cleaners. 7 Nickeled Tube (Two 20 inch sections, iX inch diameter) Cabinet beauty! So the cost for a ten-cent Minneapolis kilowatt-hour in 1926 was effectively $1.35. Since then, Eureka has made it its mission to continually improve the design of their vacuums in order to meet the changing needs of their customers. Comes with two white glass bowls (one and three quart), each with pouring spout and handle. Automobile manufacturers struggled to produce enough cars to satisfy consumer demand during the 1920s. Super powered chassis. By the year 1929, 4.8 million cars had been made. If this figure holds true, $1 today will be equivalent to $1.02 next year in purchasing power. Cool information *Before the hairdryer was ever made , women dried there hair by connecting a hose to a exhaust of their vacuum cleaners. Tip toe switch. 38 Brush Belt 1920: $15 per month. Salesmen would also try to build relationships with their customers, hoping to increase the likelihood of them making repeat purchases. Toast pops up high for easy reach. Ready rack stores juices, ice cream and small items. Models have automatic safety pilot which shuts off the gas if the pilot light should go out. Vacuum cleaners were seen as a necessity in the 1920s, as they made it much easier to clean carpets and floors. They were also sold in magazines, direct mail campaigns, and door-to-door sales presentations. This short documentary is an overview of the events that marked Canada between 1918 and 1927. Moths are unable to indulge their expensive appetites in the depths of the rug that is frequently beaten by The Hoover. "The latest generations (of . Wages in 1920 As is the case today, wage earners in the United States filed tax returns and paid federal tax on their wages. An upright vacuum cleaner will cost anywhere from 50 dollars for a low-end lightweight model, to over 1000 dollars for some of the newer most advanced models. Smokeless waist-high broiler is oven-size. Woodrow Wilson was President of the United States on Census Day, January 1, 1920. 5. These vacuum cleaners were heavily advertised and marketed through various print and television commercials, targeting homemakers in particular. Material on this site is provided for purposes of education, criticism, commentary, cultural reporting, entertainment, historical reference, and news reporting/analysis. 14 It was the Kirby Model C. 1950 : The first upright vacuum cleaners appear in production. This will help remove any dirt or debris that is on the surface of the carpet. The motor line was converted to making propeller pitch control motors, turret motors and amplidynes for use on bombers. The vacuum cleaner was first invented in the 1860s, but it was not until the 1920s that the vacuum cleaner became a common household appliance. 1. The Compaq Portable II, though markedly lighter than . Naturally, I was amazed when I saw how the cleaner would pick up this dust and grass after it had been spread around on the carpet.. That's twenty-two percent fixed, seventy-eight percent variable. 5 Five Inch Nozzle (Aluminum) The vacuum was invented in 1920. Very simple table shows average hours and earnings for all production workers in manufacturing for each year from 1919-1960. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'remodelormove_com-box-3','ezslot_4',173,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-box-3-0');The cost of a vacuum in 1930 varied greatly depending on the type and quality. In this case. Door-to-door salesmen would travel from town to town demonstrating and selling their products to housewives in the comfort of their own homes. In 1907, they were a leading and respected family in the area around Canton, Ohio. Individuals who wanted copies for genealogical or other purposes . But if you wanted a washing machine, it would've cost $81.50. Most nearly automatic wringer-washer ever made! This would involve beating carpets with a carpet beater to remove dust and dirt. Mixer has 150 watts power, choice of twelve speeds, a host of work-saving features and a choice of four colors: medium gray and white, yellow and white, pink and white or green and white. Not with the Electrolux exclusive patented clutch system. This will help remove any stains or dirt that is embedded in the carpet. Truly an ideal gift the whole family will enjoy for years. John Thurman invented a gasoline-powered vacuum cleaner in 1899 and some historians consider it the first motorized vacuum cleaner. Hoover gave him. Set of two keys furnished at no extra charge. You can roast a turkey and all the trimmings, broil other meats and vegetables, fry apple rings on the griddle--all this at the same time! The price for a basic canister-style Hoover vacuum - which was the most popular vacuum cleaner brand of the era - ranged from $50 to $65. White parts are porcelain enameled. Look through our earlier models below to find information for your Kirby Home Cleaning System. Its scheme of architecture has been followed ever since, so the whole now comprises a huge, attractive unit. VACUUMS INSPIRED (AND WERE USED AS) HAIR DRYERS. A vacuum cleaner was also needed. 1930 : The first model of vacuum cleaner made of plastic appears on the market. 14 Brush Housing (Aluminum) The Hoover Company is the oldest and most widely-known manufacturer of vacuum cleaners in the world. His usual procedure was to approach a prospective dealer with a sample machine and invite him to go out with him to see how easily it could be sold. By the end of the 1970s, demand for door-to-door sales dropped significantly due to the rise of department stores and other retail outlets. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Ionvac Lightweight Handheld Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Reviews. Dryer has fluff-dry or damp-dry nine pound loads, illuminated visi-dial drying control, push-button-select drying temperature, sun-fresh sanitizing clothes lamp, load-a-door sorting shelf, rustproof porcelain enamel top, convenient interior light, automatic door shutoff, convection type heating, power-driven ventilation system, automatic safety thermostats and correct temperature for any fabric. Following the end of hostilities, in the US, the cost of sugar held at the government-set price of roughly 7/lb throughout much of 1919. He assumed higher executive posts in the following years, went to Europe on important assignments on several occasions during which time he became familiar with the worldwide Hoover organization. In some cases, people also used lye or soaps, warm water and a brush to scrub carpets and rid them of dirt. With a full line of upright, canister, stick and robotic vacuums, Eureka continues to innovate and produce top-of-the-line products. 15 Three Orifice Nozzle (Aluminum) Dump your food scraps, sweeper dirt and rubbish--anything burnable--into this Kenmore garbage burner light it and leave. . New low silhouette, extra light weight. 3. In the meantime, many mechanical improvements were being made in the sweeper. This is the equivalent of $360 in today's money. There is an entire subculture of vintage vacuum collecting, with passionate collectors finding and restoring these old machines and deciding which is the best model for their collection.