Kroschwitz, Jacqueline I., executive editor, and Mary Howe-Grant, editor. Priestley heated mercury oxide, focusing sunlight using a 12-inch ‘burning lens’ – a very large magnifying glass – to bring the oxide to a high tem… It makes up 20.948% of the atmosphere by volume and 45.5% of the lithosphere by weight. . In many instances, oxygen is manufactured at the location where it will be used. This expansion rapidly cools the air, which is injected into the cryogenic section to provide the required cold temperatures for operation. Slag is a crusty, metallic material that is scraped off after the steel is produced. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. However, if the rate at which oxygen is fed into a hydrocarbon mixture is carefully controlled, the hydrocarbon is "cracked," or broken apart to produce other products, such as acetylene, ethylene, and propylene. I t is produced when gasoline is burned in cars and trucks. Gas grades Making the web more beautiful, fast, and open through great typography Lavoisier voted against Marat's application. Carbohydrates are the most prominent example of a substance that has a wide name recogni…, Hydration is the process by which water is ingested and absorbed into the body. Encyclopedia.com. Animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. The decay of organic matter is a highly complex chemical phenomenon, with a large variety of chemical products formed in the reaction. It changes from a gas to a liquid at a temperature of -182.96°C (-297.33°F). https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/oxygen-revised, "Oxygen (revised) Selenium occurs in a variety of allotropic forms (physically or chemically different forms of the same substance), the most common of which is a red powder that becomes black when exposed to air. The process of fractional distillation described above is sufficiently simple and inexpensive that many industries can provide their own oxygen-production facilities. Scientists believe that oxygen was essentially absent from the earth's atmosphere when the planet was first created. Oxygen-17 makes up an additional 0.037%, and oxygen-18, 0.200% of all oxygen atoms. 22 Dec. 2020 . In water it occurs as hydrogen oxide, H2O, and in the lithosphere it occurs in compounds such as oxides, carbonates, sulfates, silicates, phosphates, and nitrates. If you have a chronic lung disease, you may need additional (supplemental) oxygen for your organs to function normally. Most of the remaining oxygen is distributed in insulated tank trailers or railroad tank cars as liquid oxygen. When an electrical current is passed through water to which a small amount of inorganic acid has been added, water molecules break apart to form hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Some sulfur is used directly as a fungicide and insecticide, in matches, fireworks, and gunpowder, and in the vulcanization of natural rubber (a treatment that gives rubber elasticity and strength). Encyclopedia.com. Oxygen, in the form of LOX, is widely used as the oxidizing agent in many kinds of rockets and missiles . see also Lavoisier, Antoine; Priestley, Joseph; Scheele, Carl. One of the best known of such reactions is the one that takes place between carbon and oxygen, to form (usually) carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. It tends to break down and form dioxygen: Ozone does occur in fairly large amounts under special conditions. The first is by far the most abundant, constituting 99.763% of all oxygen atoms occurring in nature. The vacuum space is filled with a semisolid insulating material to further halt heat flow from the outside. International Thomson Publishing, 1997. Encyclopedia.com. The oxygen is impure because small amounts of krypton, xenon, and other gases may remain in the liquid form. One of the most important of these is the cracking of hydrocarbons by oxygen. But oxygen has many commercial uses also. Look for them in the pocket areas downstream from rapids. In many cases, an element may form more than one oxide. The properties of the Chinese yin and yang can be compared to the properties of oxygen and nitrogen. Chemistry: Foundations and Applications. The oxygen atom is a part of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and other functional groups. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th edition. Lavoisier named the new gas oxygen using the Greek words oxys, meaning sour or acid, and genes, meaning producing or forming, because he believed it was an essential part of all acids. Oxygen is used by the cells of animal bodies. Objects cannot burn without air. Answer View More Anonymous: Unfriend Friend Requested Friend: Load More. Oxygen is by far the most abundant element in the Earth 's crust. The noble gases and noble metals are the most important exceptions, although oxy compounds of most of these elements are also known and can be prepared by indirect methods. LOX containers look like very large vacuum bottles consisting of a double-walled container with a vacuum between the walls. Both Rainey and Church have extensive arrest records. The rusting of bridges, buildings, motor vehicles, tools, fences, and other structures is a major economic problem throughout the world. No wonder Lavoisier is called the father of this revolution. Oxygen is also used in the chemical industry as a beginning material in making some very important compounds. 7 Meanwhile, the nitrogen/argon vapor from the top of the high-pressure column is cooled further in the subcooler. And that should not be surprising. In times of hot spells fish may migrate to the rapids for survival. Other elements in this group include sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. The torch can produce temperatures By comparison, the density of air is about 1.29 grams per liter. Oxygen-17 makes up an additional 0.037%, and oxygen-18, 0.200% of all oxygen atoms. This process produces oxygen that is 99+% pure. The former allotrope is known as monatomic, or nascent, oxygen and the latter as triatomic oxygen, or ozone. ." Oxygen: The Molecule That Made the World. Perhaps the best-known medical application of oxygen is in oxygen therapy, where patients who are having trouble breathing are given doses of pure or nearly pure oxygen. Pure oxygen or air enriched with oxygen may also be provided in environments where breathing may be difficult. The solid changes color as temperature is lowered and pressure is increased, eventually becoming orange, red, black, and finally metallic. Oxygen is then used in a second step of iron processing in the Bessemer converter, open hearth, or basic oxygen process method of converting pig iron to steel. Encyclopedia.com. Oxygen is one of the basic chemical elements. Siekierski, Slawomir. A radioactive isotope is one that breaks apart and gives off some form of radiation. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1993. . Nearly half of all the atoms in the earth are oxygen atoms. Sulfur itself has no odor at all. Oxygen is one of the most active of all chemical elements. The number written to the right of the element's name is the mass number. A few years later Antoine Lavoisier showed that oxygen is a component of the atmosphere. It makes up 20.948 percent of the atmosphere. To find it, look toward the upper righthand top side of the table. Oxygen is a chemical element.It has the symbol O and atomic number 8. Oxygen concentrator definition: An oxygen concentrator is a type of medical device used for delivering oxygen to individuals with breathing-related disorders. A form of oxygen called ozone is a pale blue gas that is explosive and poisonous. But the reverse process also takes place. (December 22, 2020). An adequate oxygen supply is essential to sustain fish life. The primary uses of selenium are in electronics and in the manufacture of colored glass. "Oxygen The first of these is sometimes called nascent oxygen, and the last is more commonly known as ozone. Lane, Nick. It is part of the condition known as air pollution. Oxygen has other interesting uses. Lavoisier was the first person to declare that the new gas was an element. He said that air must consist, therefore, of two parts: one part that is consumed in burning and one part that is not. . That name, oxygen, comes from Greek words that mean "acidic" (oxy-) and "forming" (-gen). But they used the word "element" differently than do modern scientists. Its symbol is O, the atomic weight is 15.9994, the specific gravity is 1.10535 (compared to air), the melting point is -361°F (-218.4°C), and the boiling point is -297.4°F (-183°C). Oxygen concentration is a prime factor in locating where specific fish species are found. More recently, the more energy-efficient vacuum swing adsorption process has been used for a limited number of applications that do not require oxygen with more than 90-93% purity. Oxygen was discovered almost simultaneously in about 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786) and English chemist Joseph Priestley (1733–1804). But now, "taking a whiff" has become even more popular. Oxygen can be produced from a number of materials, using several different methods. In each case, providing a person with pure oxygen reduces the stress on his or her heart and lungs, speeding the rate of recovery. Neither Scheele nor Priestley fully understood the importance of their discovery. Deep-sea divers also carry with them or have pumped to them supplies of air that are enriched with oxygen. In the laboratory, for example, it can be produced by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst or by the gentle warming of mercury(II) oxide. The reaction itself is known as oxidation. On May 8, 1794, Lavoisier was beheaded and buried in an unmarked grave. In the atmosphere, it exists as elemental oxygen, sometimes known as dioxygen because it consists of diatomic molecules, O2. It occurs both as the free element (in the atmosphere) and in the combined form (in the lithosphere and hydrosphere ). People come to breathe pure oxygen for a few minutes. Where Is Sulfur Found On The Periodic Table? The Oxford Companion to the Body. Trefil, James. The environmental hazard posed by this series of reactions is that the level of ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth would be expected to increase as more and more ozone molecules are destroyed. It is often found in detergents and cleaning products. However, as of October 2006, the ozone hole over Antarctica is the largest ever since measurements have been taken. It is, in turn, converted from plant proteins to animal proteins. Retrieved December 22, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/local-interest/sports-fitness-recreation-and-leisure-magazines/oxygen. It is combined with hydrogen in the rocket Oxygen can be prepared on a small scale by the decomposition of oxygen-containing compounds. In one experiment, he used silver carbonate (Ag2CO3), mercury carbonate (HgCO3), and magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2). At -182.96°C (-297.33°F), oxygen changes from a gas into a liquid. It is used to "burn" chemicals and produce energy that cells need to stay alive. Oxygen has a pale blue color in the liquid and the solid phases. When oxygen is exposed to ultraviolet light, as from the Sun, or an electrical discharge, as from lightening, ozone (O3) is formed. The current in a river mixes oxygen much better than limited currents and waves in a lake. Leonardo pointed out that air is not entirely used up when something is burned in it. As an element it can be found in very large, underground mines, most commonly along the Gulf Coast of the United States and in Poland and Sicily. 22 Dec. 2020 . Ultraviolet radiation has been implicated in a number of biological problems for plants, animals, and humans, including an increase in skin cancer and in eye problems. Five radioactive isotopes of oxygen are known also. The operation of cryogenic distillation airseparation units is monitored by automatic instruments and often uses computer controls. The mixed vapor is allowed to expand to nearly atmospheric pressure and is fed into the top of the low-pressure fractionating column. It is a precarious balancing act which includes oxygen content, temperature, light intensity, protective cover, and available food supply that dictates just where fish can be found. In 1990, more than 40 billion kilograms (89 billion pounds) of sulfuric acid were manufactured, more than 50 percent as much as the second most popular chemical (nitrogen gas). Production volumes and purity levels increased while costs decreased. The sulfur cycle. 22 Dec. 2020 . These particles stick in the atoms and make them radioactive. If not, how much of Edison's breath could be in the tube? Merck. The three allotropes differ from each other in a number of ways. Some forms of oxidation occur more slowly, without the production of noticeable heat or light. In many cases, this "extra oxygen" keeps people alive after they would otherwise have died. Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World. Nearly 90 percent of all sulfur produced is converted first into sulfur dioxide and then into sulfuric acid. The parentheses indicate that nascent oxygen does not exist very long under normal conditions. In response to this threat, most of the world’s nations have agreed to reduce the amount of freons, CFCs, and other ozone-depleting chemicals produced and sold each year. "Oxygen (revised) Joseph Priestley was correct! monoxide gas gets into the blood stream. It’s self-evident that air includes an abundance of oxygen; however, water holds a much smaller amount. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. He accused Lavoisier of plotting against the revolution. "Oxygen The name chalcogen comes from the Greek word chalkos, meaning "ore." The first two members of the family, oxygen and sulfur, are found in most ores. Priestley even tried breathing the new gas he had produced. It occurs both as a gas and also as part of a large number of compounds. 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